麦麸纤维素与腐植酸复合保水剂的制备及性能

[目的]研究利用麦麸提取的纤维素与腐植酸共聚制备复合保水剂的方法及其性能,以解决现有保水剂生物难降解,成本高,污染大,再生性能差等问题。[方法]采用碱法从麦麸中提取纤维素,首次与腐植酸、丙烯酸水溶液聚合制备了复合保水剂。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)分别对树脂的表面形貌、热稳定性进行了表征,考查了NaOH、引发剂、交联剂、麦麸、腐植酸用量对复合保水剂吸水率的影响,并对温度、不同交联剂、再生性能进行了探讨。[结果]麦麸质量0.15g,丙烯酸20ml,交联剂(N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.03%,引发剂的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.8%,腐植酸0.1g,NaOH浓度80%,温度80℃时,吸水倍率最高,蒸馏水达到了989g/g,对地下水的吸水倍率达到了120.34g/g。对盐水的吸水倍率达到了62.76g/g。[结论]实验方法制备的保水剂再生性能、热稳定性良好,较文献报道的保水剂吸水效果优异,可以在实际生产和生活中推广应用。     

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan (L-TRP)-dependent and -independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development. L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen (N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.     

基于木质素部分脱除及其含量对生物质热解特性的影响

该研究采用固定床热解炉,研究不同木质素含量花生壳、核桃壳样品的裂解行为,利用元素分析、工业分析、气相色谱-质谱联用以及气相色谱法对原料和热解产物进行分析,探究木质素与综纤维素在原始交联结构下的交互作用及其对热解产物分布特性影响。研究结果发现,300℃热解条件下,随着木质素含量的增加,样品中固体产率增加,液体产率和气体产率下降。500、700℃热解条件下,固体产率相比300℃有大幅度的下降,且随样品中木质素含量的增加,固体产率无明显变化,液体产率稍微增加,气体产率下降。500℃时,H2产率很低,随样品中木质素含量的增加,CO2含量减少,CH4含量增加,CO含量有稍微的上升。而700℃时,综纤维素的脱氢、缩合、成环会生成大量的H2。同时,木质素能够促进综纤维素分解生成大量左旋葡聚糖,并抑制其分解;而综纤维素抑制木质素单体愈创木基的脱甲氧基反应,促进苯丙烷基的脱烷基反应,形成更多的酚类化合物。该研究对于生物质组分间交互和产物形成特性研究具有积极意义。     

哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能

为提高玉米秸秆甲烷产率,该文研究了酶对玉米秸秆预处理后厌氧发酵的指标性质和对微生物的冲击。研究发现,哈茨木霉粗酶液(酶T)和黑曲霉粗酶液(酶A)预处理后,发酵体系中初始挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)显著增加,主要体现在乙酸的积累。发酵1 d后,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的碱度/VFA比值及可溶性化学需氧量/VFA(s COD/VFA)比值较CK组显著增加,该变化主要体现在VFA的大量减少。发酵20 d,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的累积产甲烷量分别比CK组提高了7.79%和10.06%。厌氧发酵24 h,酶T处理组中9个属的细菌丰度显著高于CK组,其中Clostridium,vadin BC27,Ruminofilibacter与纤维素的降解有关。发酵系统中古菌主要为Methanosaeta,Bathyarchaeota,Methanosarcina,Methanobacterium等。预处理影响了发酵系统中微生物的菌群结构,对改善发酵条件具有重要的调节作用。该研究为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺参数优化及应用

为了优化马铃薯生全粉不饱和脂肪酸的微波萃取工艺,该试验采用软件Design-Expert 8.05分析以及响应面法来优化马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺,得出马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸的萃取模型P=0.000 10.01,R2=0.939 8,并确定马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸最佳萃取工艺:萃取温度81℃,萃取时间11 min,萃取溶剂中丙酮占比0.802 5,料液比3.25∶1,各因素对不饱和脂肪酸质量分数影响大小分别为:丙酮占比料液比萃取温度萃取时间,实测不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为1.081 mg/g和拟合方程的预测值1.084 mg/g基本一致。将该优化方案应用于热风干燥温度对马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸含量影响的分析中,结果表明:随着干燥温度的升高,亚油酸质量分数显著增加(P0.05),总不饱和脂肪酸质量分数增加(P0.05)。优化试验为热风干燥条件对马铃薯品质影响的研究提供了理论依据。     

沼液预处理玉米秸秆产沼气工艺参数优化

沼液作为厌氧发酵的废弃物处理存在困难,但沼液可以对秸秆类原料进行预处理,为沼液的综合利用提供可能。为优化沼液预处理玉米秸秆的条件,提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气量,该文以沼液预处理前后的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量以及产气量为指标,根据CCD(centralcompositedesign)试验设计原理,选取沼液添加比例、温度和时间为因素,建立三者之间的模型。试验结果表明:随着预处理TS(total solid)的降低,时间的延长,木质纤维素的降解率越高,而温度在30℃时木质纤维素的降解率达到最大。从产气量来看木质纤维素降解率并不是越高越好,过分的追求木质纤维素的降解会对产气量产生影响,经过响应面法优化产气量后得出最佳的预处理工艺为:沼液添加比例19.08%、预处理温度(30±1)℃、预处理时间为5 d,总产气量可提高30.76%。     

养殖与野生大刺鳅不同生长阶段肌肉脂肪酸组成的比较研究

为比较人工养殖大刺鳅与野生大刺鳅肌肉脂肪酸组成的差异,采用气相色谱分析法对养殖和野生大刺鳅幼鱼、鱼种、成鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成及其相对含量进行了检测与分析。结果表明,养殖和野生大刺鳅肌肉中共检出24种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量较均最高,平均含量分别达到(65.63±1.88)%和(59.03±2.11)%,特别是含有丰富的C18:2、二十二碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸和 ,花生四烯酸等多不饱和脂肪酸;ΣUFA/ΣSFA比值从幼鱼到成鱼阶段显上升趋势,且养殖大刺鳅(2.45±0.21)高于野生大刺鳅(1.98±0.15);养殖大刺鳅成鱼阶段的P/S比值达到1.0,超过一般的淡水鱼类。综合分析表明,养殖大刺鳅肌肉品质在脂肪酸组成及均衡性略优于野生大刺鳅,但差异不明显。     

Soil Testing Bray-1 Phosphorus with Non-Reagent Grade Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acids

Portable instruments have reduced on-site testing costs for soil pH and potassium in isolated locations. Acids could not be shipped to a remote Africa field laboratory. Bray-1 phosphorus (P) testing is difficult because hydrochloric (HCl) is required in the extraction solution and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is used in color development stock solutions. Muriatic HCl acid and battery H₂SO₄ were available in a local stores. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of P soil testing using diluted, non-reagent HCl for making modified Bray1-P extractant and non-reagent H₂SO₄ for color development. Experiment 1 was conducted with soil samples from fields using Sunnyside? and Klean Strip? HCl muriatic acids. Soil samples extracted with diluted reagent HCl were closely related to P results using diluted Klean Strip (R² = 0.96) and Sunnyside (R² = 0.84) HCl. In Experiment 2, two commercial brands of H₂SO₄ acid used to refill car battery cells were evaluated. Test results suggested that the battery H₂SO₄ acids are not suitable for making color development solution. In Experiment 3, a small battery powered spectrometer for P testing aquarium water was calibrated for soils. Samples from the Soil Science Society of America –North American Proficiency Testing program (NAPT) were tested with the meter and non-reagent HCl. Fiske-Subbarrow reducing agent and HCl were used in a variation procedure which does not require H₂SO₄ for color development. Eight of 10 samples tested proficient based on NAPT limits (2.5 x Median Absolute Deviation).     

施用腐殖酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响

煤矸石是一种潜在的资源,在现有技术条件下无法快速处理的大量煤矸石裸露堆放造成占地及生态环境问题,已成为矿区生态环境治理关注的热点。煤矸石山的植被恢复是其原位保存的最有效办法。腐殖酸作为腐殖质的主要组成成分对改善不利的植物生长环境具有积极作用。为探讨腐殖酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响,采用室内培养试验方法,研究了添加不同浓度腐殖酸及不同培养时间下煤矸石的pH、电导率(EC)变化及氮、磷、钾速效养分的释放特征。结果表明:相对于不添加腐殖酸处理(CK),添加腐殖酸的煤矸石pH明显升高,最高达到7.77,而EC急剧下降,平均为126.13μS/cm,比CK的平均EC下降77.81%;添加腐殖酸的煤矸石速效磷和碱解氮均大幅度增加,速效磷含量平均为CK的2.33倍,碱解氮含量最高达到CK的1.94倍;速效钾含量相对于CK也有一定增加;添加的腐殖酸浓度越大,促进煤矸石养分释放效果越好;在培养期间,各项研究指标值总体表现"V"和"N"形,在后期逐渐呈现稳定作用趋势。煤矸石具有一定养分供给潜力,腐殖酸添加到煤矸石中可以提高其植物养分可获得性。     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。